Some species are popular as bonsai material because they have characteristics, such as small leaves or needles, that make them appropriate for the compact visual scope of bonsai.
Bonsai can be created from nearly any perennial woody-stemmed tree or shrub species that produces true branches and can be cultivated to remain small through pot confinement with crown and root pruning. This may be a cutting, seedling, or small tree of a species suitable for bonsai development.
Instead, bonsai practice focuses on long-term cultivation and shaping of one or more small trees growing in a container.Ī bonsai is created beginning with a specimen of source material. By contrast with other plant cultivation practices, bonsai is not intended for production of food or for medicine. Purposes of bonsai are primarily contemplation for the viewer, and the pleasant exercise of effort and ingenuity for the grower. According to Stephen Orr in The New York Times, "the term should be reserved for plants that are grown in shallow containers following the precise tenets of bonsai pruning and training, resulting in an artful miniature replica of a full-grown tree in nature." In the most restrictive sense, "bonsai" refers to miniaturized, container-grown trees adhering to Japanese tradition and principles. The loanword "bonsai" (a Japanese pronunciation of the original Chinese term penzai) has become an umbrella term in English, attached to many forms of potted or other plants, and also on occasion to other living and non-living things. It was during the Tang dynasty, when penjing was at its height, that the art was first introduced into Japan. Similar versions of the art exist in other cultures, including the miniature living landscapes of Vietnamese Hòn non bộ.
Unlike penjing, which utilizes traditional techniques to produce entire natural sceneries in small pots that mimic the grandiose and shape of real life sceneries, the Japanese "bonsai" only attempts to produce small trees that mimic the shape of real life trees. Bonsai at the National Bonsai & Penjing Museum at the United States National Arboretumīonsai ( Japanese: 盆栽, lit.'tray planting', pronounced ( listen)) is a Japanese version of the original traditional Chinese art penjing or penzai.
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